Yellow greenish to light yellow or brown chrysoberyl, which contains ferric iron as an impurity. Has an absorption spectrum band at first part of the violet at 444 nm, which can be seen in some chrysoberyl cat's-eye.
A device to obtain an X-ray spectrum for determining the wavelength of its chemical consistent. Each element, when irradiated by electrons, emits X-ray of several characteristic frequencies the line spectrum depending on the atomic number.
The ratio of the weight of any substance to that of pure water at temperature of 3.98 C (39.2 F) degree and standard atmospheric pressure. Specific gravity of gems and minerals are determined by means by hydrostatic weighing method.
The produced wavelengths of X-rays according to the electromagnetic theory of light consisting of continuous band of wavelengths, which are a mixture of all wavelengths. Depends on the used voltage of apparatus, which is know as white X-ray radiation or g
The characteristic color that is determined by its wavelength as red, green, blue, purple, yellow, etc., and excludes white, black, and shades of gray in reference to the visible spectrum of light.
A transparent to semitransparent, cyclo-silicate mineral species. Varieties of beryl are emerald, aquamarine, heliodor or golden beryl, bixbite, goshenite, maxixe, and morganite. Rare spelling: berylline. Sometimes showing chatoyancy and exhibiting star e
In optics, the reduction of the light intensity in transmission through an absorbing substance or in reflection from a surface, in crystals, minerals and gems. Absorption may vary with wavelengths of vibration in the direction of the transmitted light or
The distance between two points having the same phase on the following or preceding wave. The wavelength of electromagnetic radiation is equal to the velocity of the wave divided by its frequency =c/v. It is measured in nanometers unit.
Several characteristic lines of the spectrum of X-ray, which are emitted by a bombardment of material with electrons such as curved dark lines on the films produced by X-ray method of powder diffraction of stone or minerals.
Generally a fine crystalline or glassy igneous rock, which is formed by the solidification of molten magma or lava on the Earth's surface during volcanic action. Such as basalt, obsidian, etc.
The theory that the eye contains three different groups of retinal fibers (cones) with maximum response to three primary colors to red-yellow, green, and blue violet, which are parts of the spectrum.
The most commonly used ten standard scale of relative hardness of minerals. The scale is expressed in numbers ranging from 1 through 10: (1) talc, (2) gypsum, (3) calcite, (4) fluorite, (5) apatite, (6) orthoclase, (7) quartz, (8) topaz, (9) corundum, (10
An artificial gem comprised of lithium aluminum silicate and made in a variety of colors. Neodymium as a coloring agents yields pink lavender colors. A vivid, laser blue variety blue is colored by copper.
A dark gray, silvery luster, rare earth metallic element of the Periodic System with the symbol Y. Flammable when powder from. Used in alloys and as a metal deoxidizer.
Inclusions, which are produce by hydrothermal synthetic emeralds by presence of wispy or veillike groups, manufactured by Chatham, Gilson, and Zerfass. That is an unmistakable characteristic of flux-fusion or flux-melt method.
Any gemstone that has been heated to change its color or improve the color, such as blue zircon, hyacinth, burnt amethyst, white chalcedony, smoky quartz and many aquamarines.
The weight (mass) of a substance per unit volume at a stated temperature, measured in kilograms per cubic meter, Kg/m3 or gm/cm3. The comparison of the weight of a given space of a gemstone with the weight of a similar space of another gem.
A gemstone permits the pass of electromagnetic radiation through it without distortion so that the object can be seen clearly and distinctive through it, such a quartz crystal. It is a see through effects.
Minerals having a high specific gravity, which are separated in the laboratory from light minerals by use of heavy liquid, such as bromoform. Generally grains heavier than bromoform constitute the heavy minerals.
A colorless glass-like material used as an impregnation or filling agent to improve the appearance and reduce the visibility of inclusions in stones such as diamonds and emeralds.
The sum of homogeneous, physically distinct portion of matter in heterogeneous system, as the three phases; solid, liquid, or gas. Each phase may exist in different temperatures and pressures.
A special optical occurrence, or circumstance observed or are visible in certain gemstones such as chatoyancy, asterism, or play of color, adularescence, girasol, labradorescence, opalescence, schiller, etc.
A number of decorative articles made artistically of gold, platinum, silver, and precious stones that are worn for personal adornment, such as bracelets, rings, necklaces, etc.
Several methods are available for the measurement of refractive indices such as refractometer for total reflection, immersion method in liquid for Beck effect, shadow method, and minimum deviation method.
Zonary growing of crystals bounded by plane crystal faces, which occur by slight variation in the composition of a crystal due to separation or interruptions of the crystal phases during growth.
Prized by collectors. Synthetic strontium titanate or fabulite found in a similar manner to perovskite. Natural counterpart of fabulite with the same composition is called tausonite.
A subsidiary company of the Gemological Institute of America Enterprises, which provides professional grading and identification for the diamond and colored stone industries.
Radium treatment of minerals such as beryl to produce a bluish-white fluorescence only on the basal planes. Under SWUV and LWUV light beryl fluoresces bluish-white.
Synthetic alexandrite made in three methods in Russia, (a) growing synthetic stones of solution-growth process or flux process specially for alexandrite, (b) Growing stone of floating-zone process. (c) Melt-grown process or so-called pulling method.
A type of igneous rock characterized by a high content of mafic minerals, particularly olivine, pyroxenes, amphiboles, etc. The silica content is less than 45%.
The placing of atoms or radicals in a crystal so that they point in a definite direction, or its crystallographic axes are in the conventional position.