The straight, parallel growth-lines in the internal structure of a gemstone with definite angles, usually seen in some stones, which occur by slightly variation in the chemical composition within the crystal due to separation or interruptions of the cryst
Zonary growing of crystals bounded by plane crystal faces, which occur by slight variation in the composition of a crystal due to separation or interruptions of the crystal phases during growth.
Leading gemmological educational institution in Japan has been providing professional education in the field for the past 30 years.
Zenhokyo Laboratory is equipped with the most professional and advanced testing devices and systems, including inductive
A dark gray, silvery luster, rare earth metallic element of the Periodic System with the symbol Y. Flammable when powder from. Used in alloys and as a metal deoxidizer.
The theory that the eye contains three different groups of retinal fibers (cones) with maximum response to three primary colors to red-yellow, green, and blue violet, which are parts of the spectrum.
Yellow greenish to light yellow or brown chrysoberyl, which contains ferric iron as an impurity. Has an absorption spectrum band at first part of the violet at 444 nm, which can be seen in some chrysoberyl cat's-eye.
A colorless glass-like material used as an impregnation or filling agent to improve the appearance and reduce the visibility of inclusions in stones such as diamonds and emeralds.
Several characteristic lines of the spectrum of X-ray, which are emitted by a bombardment of material with electrons such as curved dark lines on the films produced by X-ray method of powder diffraction of stone or minerals.
If a crystal is irradiated by an intense X-ray or gamma-ray beam, this includes the substance to emit its visible characteristic secondary X-ray line spectra of a longer wavelength, which is known as X-ray fluorescence. It is a nondestructive method. Used
To generate monochromatic X-rays or line spectrums only one wavelength used is a suitable selective filter made of very thin layers of metal elements. There have one or two atomic numbers lower than the target metal such as nickel with atomic number 28 us
A device to obtain an X-ray spectrum for determining the wavelength of its chemical consistent. Each element, when irradiated by electrons, emits X-ray of several characteristic frequencies the line spectrum depending on the atomic number.
The produced wavelengths of X-rays according to the electromagnetic theory of light consisting of continuous band of wavelengths, which are a mixture of all wavelengths. Depends on the used voltage of apparatus, which is know as white X-ray radiation or g
Natural alexandrite is not better than synthetic alexandrite but natural alexandrite is very rare and uncommon in modern jewelry because it is hardly ever available and because it is too expensive for the general public to buy. Even lower quality more inc